Colony Collapse Disorder is multi-factorial and in part due to what two things?

• A. Varroa mite and viral complex vectored by the mite
• B. Pesticide exposure and nutrition deficiency
• C. Varroa mite alone
• D. Viral infection alone

Answer: (A)

Colony Collapse Disorder arises from multiple interacting stressors, with the most recognized pairing being infestation by Varroa destructor and the viruses it transmits to bees. Varroa mites feed on bees and compromise their immune defenses, while also acting as vectors for a suite of viral infections, notably the deformed wing virus. The combination of mite-related harm and viral infection weakens bees, reduces their lifespan, and disrupts colony function, leading to collapse. While pesticides and poor nutrition can worsen colony health, the key mechanism linked to CCD is the mite–virus interaction driven by the Varroa mite.