Nosema infection is associated with winter mortality in which climate?

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Multiple Choice

Nosema infection is associated with winter mortality in which climate?

Explanation:
Nosema is a gut parasite of honey bees that tends to drive winter losses when colonies are confined and exposed to cold, long winters. In northern climates, bees cluster inside the hive for warmth during these extended cold periods and have limited foraging, so the stress of confinement combined with Nosema infection weakens bees and increases winter mortality. In warm tropical or equatorial regions there isn’t a prolonged cold season to cause that specific winter die-off pattern, so Nosema-related winter mortality is not characteristic of those climates.

Nosema is a gut parasite of honey bees that tends to drive winter losses when colonies are confined and exposed to cold, long winters. In northern climates, bees cluster inside the hive for warmth during these extended cold periods and have limited foraging, so the stress of confinement combined with Nosema infection weakens bees and increases winter mortality. In warm tropical or equatorial regions there isn’t a prolonged cold season to cause that specific winter die-off pattern, so Nosema-related winter mortality is not characteristic of those climates.

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