Which bias is a bias from a measurement error?

• A. Misclassification bias
• B. Selection bias
• C. Information bias
• D. Recall bias

Answer: (A)

Measurement error that leads to labeling someone as exposed or diseased when that status is incorrect creates misclassification bias. This bias specifically arises from errors in how exposure or outcome is measured or recorded, so the classification given to individuals is wrong and distorts the estimated association.

Recall bias is a type of information bias tied to differential memory of past exposures, and selection bias stems from how participants are chosen or retained in the study. Information bias is the broad umbrella that includes misclassification, but when the issue is incorrect labeling due to measurement tools or data collection, the precise term is misclassification bias.